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Looking at gradients and values for x and y for straight-line graphs

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You are given the following straight-line graph equation:

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$y = \\simplify{{a}x + {b}}$

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What is the gradient?

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$\\var{a}$

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$\\var{b}$

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$x$

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$y$

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What is the y-intercept?

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$\\var{a}$

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$\\var{b}$

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$x$

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$y$

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In a straight-line graph the general equation is $y = mx + c$ where $c$ is the $y$-intercept and $m$ is the gradient.

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\n

In our example we have $y = \\simplify{{a}x + {b}}$. Therefore:

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Identifying the gradient from a straight-line graph equation y=mx+c

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A student is trying to find the gradient on the graph below.

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{image('resources/question-resources/dydx.png')}

\n

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If the difference of $y = \\var{dy}$, and the difference in $x = \\var{dx}$, calculate the gradient.

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Gradient is calculated as:

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$\\frac{\\text{difference in }y}{\\text{difference in }x}$

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Therefore in our example, gradient = $\\frac{\\text{difference in }y}{\\text{difference in }x}=\\frac{\\var{dy}}{\\var{dx}}=\\var{dy/dx}$

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Calculating gradients

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(a)

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Substitute $x=\\var{x1}$ into the equation $y = \\simplify{{m}x + {c}}$

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Hence $y = \\var{m} \\times  \\var{x1} + \\var{c}=\\var{m*x1+c}$

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(b)

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Substitute $x=\\var{x2}$ into the equation $y = \\simplify{{m}x + {c}}$

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Hence $y = \\var{m} \\times  \\var{x2} + \\var{c}=\\var{m*x2+c}$

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(c)

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First make $x$ the subject of $y = \\simplify{{m}x + {c}}$

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Hence $x = \\frac{y-\\var{c}}{\\var{m}}$

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Substituting your value of $y=\\var{y3}$ into the above equation gives:

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$x=  \\frac{\\var{y3}-\\var{c}}{\\var{m}}=\\var{(y3-c)/m}$

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(d)

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First make $x$ the subject of $y = \\simplify{{m}x + {c}}$

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Hence $x = \\frac{y-\\var{c}}{\\var{m}}$

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Substituting your value of $y=\\var{y4}$ into the above equation gives:

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$x=  \\frac{\\var{y4}-\\var{c}}{\\var{m}}=\\var{(y4-c)/m}$

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Finding x and y values for straight line graphs

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What is $y$ if $x = \\var{x1}$?

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What is $y$ if $x = \\var{x2}$?

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What is $x$ if $y = \\var{y3}$?

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What is $x$ if $y = \\var{y4}$?

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For the line $y = \\simplify{{m}x + {c}}$:

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Given one point and the gradient determine the equation of the line.

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Substitute the $x$ and $y$ values of the point and the value for $m$ into the equation of a line $y=mx+c$, then solve to determine $c$. Now you have $m$ and $c$ so you can write the equation of the line in the form $y=mx+c$.

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\n

(a)

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To find the equation of the line through $(\\var{point_x},\\var{point_y})$ with a gradient of $\\frac{\\var{rise}}{\\var{run}}$:

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Take the point $(\\var{point_x},\\var{point_y})$ as $(x,y)$ and substitute this and the gradient into the equation $y=mx+c$.

\n

This gives $\\var{point_y}=\\frac{\\var{rise}}{\\var{run}}(\\var{point_x})+c$.

\n

Rearranging gives $c=\\var{point_y}-\\frac{\\var{rise}}{\\var{run}}(\\var{point_x})=\\var{point_y-(point_x*rise)/run}$

\n

Therefore the equation of the line is $y=\\simplify{{rise}/{run}x+{b}}$.

\n

\n

(b)

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To find the equation of the line through $(\\var{bpoint_x},\\var{bpoint_y})$ with a gradient of $\\frac{\\var{brise}}{\\var{brun}}$:

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Take the point $(\\var{bpoint_x},\\var{bpoint_y})$ as $(x,y)$ and substitute this and the gradient into the equation $y=mx+c$.

\n

This gives $\\var{bpoint_y}=\\frac{\\var{brise}}{\\var{brun}}(\\var{bpoint_x})+c$.

\n

Rearranging gives $c=\\var{bpoint_y}-\\frac{\\var{brise}}{\\var{brun}}(\\var{bpoint_x})=\\var{bpoint_y-(bpoint_x*brise)/brun}$

\n

Therefore the equation of the line is $y=\\simplify{{brise}/{brun}x+{bb}}$.

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In each part, find the equation of the straight-line graph in the form $y=mx+c$

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Substitute the $x$ and $y$ values of the point and the value for $m$ into the equation of a line $y=mx+c$, then solve to determine $c$. Now you have $m$ and $c$ so you can write the equation of the line in the form $y=mx+c$.

\n

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For example, suppose we had to find the equation of the line through $(2,3)$ with a gradient of $\\frac{1}{4}$:

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Take the point $(2,3)$ as $(x,y)$ and substitute this and the gradient into the equation $y=mx+c$. This gives $3=\\frac{1}{4}(2)+c$. Solving for $c$ gives $c=\\frac{5}{2}$. Therefore the equation of the line is $y=\\frac{1}{4}x+\\frac{5}{2}$.

\n

\n

\n

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The line that passes through the point ({point_x},{point_y}) with a gradient of $\\simplify{{rise}/{run}}$

\n

$y=$ [[0]]

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The line that passes through the point ({bpoint_x},{bpoint_y}) with a gradient of $\\simplify{{brise}/{brun}}$

\n

$y=$ [[0]]

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Use two points on a line graph to calculate the gradient and $y$-intercept and hence the equation of the straight line running through both points.

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The answer box for the third part plots the function which allows the student to check their answer against the graph before submitting.

\n

This particular example has a positive gradient.

"}, "variables": {"yb": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "ya+random([2,4])", "templateType": "anything", "name": "yb", "description": ""}, "ya": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(-4..2)", "templateType": "anything", "name": "ya", "description": ""}, "xa": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(-4..-1)", "templateType": "anything", "name": "xa", "description": ""}, "m": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "(ya-yb)/(xa-xb)", "templateType": "anything", "name": "m", "description": ""}, "c": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "ya-m*xa", "templateType": "anything", "name": "c", "description": ""}, "xb": {"group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "xa+random([2,4] except -xa)", "templateType": "anything", "name": "xb", "description": ""}}, "tags": [], "functions": {"plotPoints": {"language": "javascript", "type": "html", "definition": "//point coordinate variables\nvar xa = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.xa);\nvar xb = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.xb);\nvar ya = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.ya);\nvar yb = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.yb);\nvar m = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.m);\nvar c = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.c);\n\n//make board\nvar div = Numbas.extensions.jsxgraph.makeBoard('400px','400px',{boundingBox:[Math.min(-1,xa-2),Math.max(2,yb+2,c+1),Math.max(2,xb+2),Math.min(-1,ya-2,c-1)],grid: true});\nvar board = div.board;\nquestion.board = board;\n\n//points (with nice colors)\nvar a = board.create('point',[xa,ya],{name: 'A', size: 7, fillColor: 'blue' , strokeColor: 'lightblue' , highlightFillColor: 'lightblue', highlightStrokeColor: 'yellow', fixed: true, showInfobox: true});\nvar b = board.create('point',[xb,yb],{name: 'B', size: 7, fillColor: 'blue' , strokeColor: 'lightblue' , highlightFillColor: 'lightblue', highlightStrokeColor: 'yellow',fixed: true, showInfobox: true});\n\n\n//ans(was tree) is defined at the end and nscope looks important\n//but they're both variables\n var ans;\n var nscope = new Numbas.jme.Scope([scope,{variables:{x:new Numbas.jme.types.TNum(0)}}]);\n//this is the beating heart of whatever plots the function,\n//I've changed this from being curve to functiongraph\n var line = board.create('functiongraph',[function(x){\nif(ans) {\n try {\nnscope.variables.x.value = x;\n var val = Numbas.jme.evaluate(ans,nscope).value;\n return val;\n }\n catch(e) {\nreturn 13;\n }\n}\nelse\n return 13;\n },-12,12]\n , {strokeColor:\"blue\",strokeWidth: 4} );\n \nvar correct_line = board.create('functiongraph',[function(x){ return m*x+c},-22,22], {strokeColor:\"green\",setLabelText:'mx+c',visible: false, strokeWidth: 4, highlightStrokeColor: 'green'} )\n\nquestion.lines = {\n l:line, c:correct_line\n}\n\n question.signals.on('HTMLAttached',function(e) {\nko.computed(function(){\nvar expr = question.parts[2].gaps[0].display.studentAnswer();\n\n//define ans as this \ntry {\n ans = Numbas.jme.compile(expr,scope);\n}\ncatch(e) {\n ans = null;\n}\nline.updateCurve();\ncorrect_line.updateCurve();\nboard.update();\n});\n });\n\n\nreturn div;", "parameters": []}, "correctPoints": {"language": "javascript", "type": "html", "definition": "//point coordinate variables\nvar xa = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.xa);\nvar xb = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.xb);\nvar ya = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.ya);\nvar yb = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.yb);\nvar m = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.m);\nvar c = Numbas.jme.unwrapValue(scope.variables.c);\n\n//make board\nvar div = Numbas.extensions.jsxgraph.makeBoard('400px','400px',{boundingBox:[Math.min(-1,xa-2),Math.max(2,yb+2,c+1),Math.max(2,xb+2),Math.min(-1,ya-2,c-1)],grid: true});\nvar board = div.board;\nquestion.board = board;\n\n\n//points (with nice colors)\nvar a = board.create('point',[xa,ya],{name: 'A', size: 7, fillColor: 'blue' , strokeColor: 'lightblue' , highlightFillColor: 'lightblue', highlightStrokeColor: 'yellow', fixed: true, showInfobox: true});\nvar b = board.create('point',[xb,yb],{name: 'B', size: 7, fillColor: 'blue' , strokeColor: 'lightblue' , highlightFillColor: 'lightblue', highlightStrokeColor: 'yellow',fixed: true, showInfobox: true});\n\n\n//ans(was tree) is defined at the end and nscope looks important\n//but they're both variables\n\nvar correct_line = board.create('functiongraph',[function(x){ return m*x+c},-22,22], {strokeColor:\"green\",setLabelText:'mx+c',visible: true, strokeWidth: 4, highlightStrokeColor: 'green'} )\n\n\n\nquestion.signals.on('HTMLAttached',function(e) {\nko.computed(function(){\n//define ans as this \ncorrect_line.updateCurve();\nboard.update();\n});\n });\n\n\nreturn div;", "parameters": []}}, "preamble": {"css": "", "js": ""}, "advice": "

We find the equation of a straight line passing through two points by finding the gradient and the $y$-intercept of the line.

\n

(a)

\n

We can find the gradient ($m$) using the points $A = (x_1,y_1)=(\\var{xa},\\var{ya})$ and $B = (x_2,y_2)=(\\var{xb},\\var{yb})$.

\n

As the definition of gradient is the ratio of vertical change ($y_2-y_1$) to horizontal change ($x_2-x_1$).
The equation for gradient is,

\n

\\begin{align}
m &= \\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1} \\\\[0.5em]
&= \\frac{\\var{yb}-\\var{ya}}{\\var{xb}-\\var{xa}} \\\\[0.5em]
&= \\frac{\\var{yb-ya}}{\\var{xb-xa}} \\\\[0.5em]
&= \\var{m}
\\end{align}

\n

\n

(b)

\n

Rearranging the equation $y=mx+c$ and substituting either of the points gives

\n

\\[c = y_1-mx_1 \\quad \\mathrm{or} \\quad c = y_2-mx_2 \\,\\text{.} \\]

\n

\n

For example, using point $A$:

\n

\\[
\\begin{align}
c &= y_1-mx_1 \\\\
&= \\var{ya}-\\var[fractionnumbers]{m}\\times\\var{xa} \\\\
& = \\simplify[fractionnumbers]{{ya-m*xa}}\\text{.}
\\end{align}
\\]

\n

\n

Similarly, we could have obtained the same value using point $B$:

\n

\\[
\\begin{align}
c &= y_2-mx_2 \\\\
&= \\var{yb}-\\var[fractionnumbers]{m}\\times\\var{xb} \\\\
& = \\simplify[fractionnumbers]{{yb-m*xb}}\\text{.}
\\end{align}
\\]

\n

\n

c)

\n

We can now substitute these values for $m$ and $c$ into $y=mx+c$  to get:

\n

\\[y=\\simplify[!noLeadingMinus,fractionNumbers,unitFactor]{{m} x+ {c}}\\text{.}\\]

\n

The green line drawn on the graph represents the above line equation.

\n

{correctPoints()}

", "statement": "

In this question we will identify the equation of the straight line passing through points  $A=(\\var{xa},\\var{ya})$ and  $B=(\\var{xb},\\var{yb})$ in the form $y = mx + c$.

\n

{plotPoints()}

", "parts": [{"showCorrectAnswer": true, "marks": 0, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "sortAnswers": false, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "gaps": [{"showCorrectAnswer": true, "correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFractionHint": true, "marks": 1, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "correctAnswerFraction": true, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "maxValue": "m", "customName": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "minValue": "m", "variableReplacements": [], "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "showFeedbackIcon": false, "mustBeReduced": true, "useCustomName": false, "type": "numberentry", "mustBeReducedPC": "50", "allowFractions": true, "scripts": {}}], "prompt": "

Calculate the gradient, $m$, of the straight line between these two points.

\n

$m=$ [[0]]

\n

", "customName": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "variableReplacements": [], "showFeedbackIcon": true, "useCustomName": false, "type": "gapfill", "scripts": {}}, {"showCorrectAnswer": true, "marks": 0, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "sortAnswers": false, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "gaps": [{"showCorrectAnswer": true, "correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFractionHint": true, "marks": 1, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "maxValue": "c", "customName": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "minValue": "c", "variableReplacements": [], "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "showFeedbackIcon": false, "mustBeReduced": false, "useCustomName": false, "type": "numberentry", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "allowFractions": false, "scripts": {}}], "prompt": "

Use this gradient and the coordinates of the points to calculate the $y$-intercept, $c$.

\n

$c=$ [[0]]

", "customName": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "variableReplacements": [], "showFeedbackIcon": true, "useCustomName": false, "type": "gapfill", "scripts": {}}, {"showCorrectAnswer": true, "marks": 0, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "sortAnswers": false, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "gaps": [{"valuegenerators": [{"value": "", "name": "x"}], "checkingType": "absdiff", "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "unitTests": [], "checkVariableNames": true, "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "checkingAccuracy": 0.001, "showPreview": true, "type": "jme", "scripts": {}, "showCorrectAnswer": true, "vsetRange": [0, 1], "marks": 1, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "answer": "{m}*x+{c}", "failureRate": 1, "answerSimplification": "fractionNumbers", "customName": "", "variableReplacements": [], "showFeedbackIcon": false, "useCustomName": false, "vsetRangePoints": 5, "notallowed": {"strings": ["c", "m"], "showStrings": false, "message": "

You must input your answer in the form y = mx +c where m and c are numbers.

", "partialCredit": 0}}], "prompt": "

Give the equation of the straight line through these points in the form $y=mx+c$. 

\n

$\\displaystyle y=$ [[0]]

", "customName": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "variableReplacements": [], "showFeedbackIcon": true, "useCustomName": false, "type": "gapfill", "scripts": {"mark": {"order": "after", "script": "this.question.lines.l.setAttribute({strokeColor: this.credit==1 ? 'green' : 'red'});\nthis.question.lines.c.setAttribute({visible: this.credit==1});\n"}}}], "ungrouped_variables": ["xa", "xb", "ya", "yb", "m", "c"], "rulesets": {}, "variable_groups": [], "variablesTest": {"condition": "\n", "maxRuns": 100}, "type": "question"}]}], "percentPass": 0, "navigation": {"browse": true, "onleave": {"action": "none", "message": ""}, "showresultspage": "oncompletion", "showfrontpage": true, "reverse": true, "preventleave": true, "startpassword": "", "allowregen": true}, "showstudentname": true, "showQuestionGroupNames": false, "type": "exam", "contributors": [{"name": "Mark Hodds", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/510/"}, {"name": "Simon Thomas", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/3148/"}], "extensions": ["jsxgraph"], "custom_part_types": [], "resources": [["question-resources/dydx.png", "/srv/numbas/media/question-resources/dydx.png"]]}