// Numbas version: finer_feedback_settings {"showstudentname": true, "navigation": {"preventleave": false, "onleave": {"action": "none", "message": ""}, "showfrontpage": false, "allowregen": true, "showresultspage": "oncompletion", "browse": true, "reverse": true}, "timing": {"timeout": {"action": "none", "message": ""}, "timedwarning": {"action": "none", "message": ""}, "allowPause": true}, "question_groups": [{"pickQuestions": 1, "pickingStrategy": "all-ordered", "name": "Group", "questions": [{"name": "Integration by partial fractions", "extensions": [], "custom_part_types": [], "resources": [], "navigation": {"allowregen": true, "showfrontpage": false, "preventleave": false, "typeendtoleave": false}, "contributors": [{"name": "Bill Foster", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/6/"}], "functions": {}, "tags": ["2 distinct linear factors", "Calculus", "Steps", "calculus", "compare coefficients", "identify coefficients", "integrals", "integration", "logarithms", "partial fractions", "steps", "two distinct linear factors"], "advice": "\n

Using partial fractions we have to find $A$ and $B$ such that:
\\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]
Multiplying both sides of the equation by $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{1/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}$ we obtain:

\n

$\\simplify[std]{A*(x+{b})+B*(x+{a}) = {c}}\\Rightarrow \\simplify[std]{(A+B)*x+{b}A+{a}B={c}}$. 

\n

We now identify coefficients on both sides of this equation.

\n

Identifying coefficients:

\n

Constant term: $\\simplify[std]{{b}*A+{a}*B = {c}}$

\n

Coefficent $x$: $ \\simplify[std]{A + B = 0}$ which gives $A = -B$

\n

Hence we obtain $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{A = {c}/{b-a}}$ and $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{B={-c}/{b-a}}$

\n

Which gives: \\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = ({c}/{b-a})*(1/(x+{a}) -1/(x+{b}))}\\]

\n

So \\[\\begin{eqnarray*} I &=& \\simplify[std]{Int({c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({c}/{b-a})*(Int(1/(x+{a}),x) -Int(1/(x+{b}),x))}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({c}/{b-a})*(ln(x+{a})-ln(x+{b}))+C} \\end{eqnarray*}\\]

\n

Or equivalently:  $\\displaystyle I= \\simplify[std]{({c}/{b-a})*(ln((x+{a})/(x+{b})))+C}$

\n ", "rulesets": {"std": ["all", "!collectNumbers", "fractionNumbers", "!noLeadingMinus"]}, "parts": [{"stepspenalty": 1.0, "prompt": "\n

$I=\\;$[[0]]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n

Click on Show steps for help if you need it. You will lose 1 mark if you do so.

\n ", "gaps": [{"notallowed": {"message": "

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

", "showstrings": false, "strings": ["."], "partialcredit": 0.0}, "checkingaccuracy": 0.0001, "vsetrange": [11.0, 12.0], "vsetrangepoints": 5.0, "checkingtype": "absdiff", "answersimplification": "std", "marks": 3.0, "answer": "({c}/{b-a})*(ln(x+{a})-ln(x+{b}))+C", "type": "jme"}], "steps": [{"prompt": "\n \n \n

Use partial fractions in order to write:
\\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]

\n \n \n \n

for suitable integers or fractions $A$ and $B$.

\n \n \n ", "type": "information", "marks": 0.0}], "marks": 0.0, "type": "gapfill"}], "statement": "\n

Find the following integral.

\n

\\[I = \\simplify[std]{Int({c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n ", "variable_groups": [], "progress": "ready", "type": "question", "variables": {"a": {"definition": "s1*random(1..9)", "name": "a"}, "c": {"definition": "if(c1=2*a,c1+1,c1)", "name": "c"}, "b": {"definition": "if(b1=a,b1+s3,b1)", "name": "b"}, "s3": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s3"}, "s2": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s2"}, "s1": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s1"}, "b1": {"definition": "s2*random(1..9)", "name": "b1"}, "c1": {"definition": "random(2..9)", "name": "c1"}}, "metadata": {"notes": "\n \t\t

5/08/2012:

\n \t\t

Added tags.

\n \t\t

Added description.

\n \t\t

Added decimal point as forbidden string.

\n \t\t

Note the checking range is chosen so that the arguments of the log terms are always positive - could have used abs - might be better?

\n \t\t

Improved display of Advice. Added alternative solution at end using log laws.

\n \t\t

Added information about Show steps, also introduced penalty of 1 mark.

\n \t\t

Added !noLeadingMinus to ruleset std for display purposes.

\n \t\t", "description": "

Find $\\displaystyle\\int \\frac{a}{(x+b)(x+c)}\\;dx,\\;b \\neq c $.

", "licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"}, "showQuestionGroupNames": false, "question_groups": [{"name": "", "pickingStrategy": "all-ordered", "pickQuestions": 0, "questions": []}]}, {"name": "Integration by partial fractions", "extensions": [], "custom_part_types": [], "resources": [], "navigation": {"allowregen": true, "showfrontpage": false, "preventleave": false, "typeendtoleave": false}, "contributors": [{"name": "Bill Foster", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/6/"}], "functions": {}, "tags": ["2 distinct linear factors", "Calculus", "Steps", "calculus", "compare coefficients", "identify coefficients", "integrals", "integration", "logarithms", "partial fractions", "steps", "two distinct linear factors"], "advice": "\n

Using partial fractions we have to find $A$ and $B$ such that:
\\[\\simplify[std]{({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}\\;= \\simplify[std]{A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]
Multiplying both sides of the equation by $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{1/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}$   we obtain:

\n

$\\simplify[std]{A*(x+{b})+B*(x+{a}) = {c}*x+{d}} \\Rightarrow \\simplify[std]{(A+B)*x+{b}*A+{a}*B={c}*x+{d}}$

\n

Identifying coefficients:

\n

Constant term: $\\simplify[std]{{b}*A+{a}*B = {d}}$

\n

Coefficent $x$: $ \\simplify[std]{A+B={c}}$ which gives $A =\\var{c} -B$

\n

On solving these equations we obtain $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{A = {d-a*c}/{b-a}}$ and $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{B={d-b*c}/{a-b}}$

\n

Which gives: \\[\\simplify[std]{({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}\\; =\\simplify[std]{ ({d-a*c}/{b-a})*(1/(x+{a}) )+({d-b*c}/{a-b})*(1/(x+{b}))}\\]

\n

So \\[\\begin{eqnarray*} I &=& \\simplify[std]{Int(({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({d-a*c}/{b-a})*(Int(1/(x+{a}),x)) +({d-b*c}/{a-b})Int(1/(x+{b}),x)}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({d-a*c}/{b-a})*ln(x+{a})+({d-b*c}/{a-b})*ln(x+{b})+C} \\end{eqnarray*}\\]

\n ", "rulesets": {"std": ["all", "!collectNumbers", "fractionNumbers", "!noLeadingMinus"]}, "parts": [{"stepspenalty": 1.0, "prompt": "\n

$I=\\;$[[0]]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n

Click on Show steps for help if you need it. You will lose 1 mark if you do so.

\n \n ", "gaps": [{"notallowed": {"message": "

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

", "showstrings": false, "strings": ["."], "partialcredit": 0.0}, "checkingaccuracy": 0.0001, "vsetrange": [11.0, 12.0], "vsetrangepoints": 5.0, "checkingtype": "absdiff", "answersimplification": "std", "marks": 3.0, "answer": "({d-a*c}/{b-a})*ln(x+{a})+({d-b*c}/{a-b})*ln(x+{b})+C", "type": "jme"}], "steps": [{"prompt": "\n

Use partial fractions in order to write:
\\[\\simplify[std]{({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}\\; = \\simplify[std]{A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]

\n

for suitable integers or fractions $A$ and $B$.

\n ", "type": "information", "marks": 0.0}], "marks": 0.0, "type": "gapfill"}], "statement": "\n

Find the following integral.

\n

\\[I = \\simplify[std]{Int(({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n \n ", "variable_groups": [], "progress": "ready", "type": "question", "variables": {"a": {"definition": "s1*random(1..9)", "name": "a"}, "c": {"definition": "random(2..9)", "name": "c"}, "b": {"definition": "if(b1=a,b1+s3,b1)", "name": "b"}, "d": {"definition": "if(d1=a*c,if(d1+1=b*c,d1+2,d1+1),if(d1=b*c,if(d1+1=a*c,d1+2,d1+1),d1))", "name": "d"}, "s3": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s3"}, "s2": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s2"}, "s1": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s1"}, "b1": {"definition": "s2*random(1..9)", "name": "b1"}, "d1": {"definition": "s3*random(1..9)", "name": "d1"}}, "metadata": {"notes": "\n \t\t \t\t

5/08/2012:

\n \t\t \t\t

Added tags.

\n \t\t \t\t

Added description.

\n \t\t \t\t

Added decimal point as forbidden string.

\n \t\t \t\t

Note the checking range is chosen so that the arguments of the log terms are always positive - could have used abs - might be better?

\n \t\t \t\t

Improved display of Advice. 

\n \t\t \t\t

Added information about Show steps, also introduced penalty of 1 mark.

\n \t\t \t\t

Added !noLeadingMinus to ruleset std for display purposes.

\n \t\t \n \t\t", "description": "

Find $\\displaystyle\\int \\frac{ax+b}{(x+c)(x+d)}\\;dx,\\;a\\neq 0,\\;c \\neq d $.

", "licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"}, "showQuestionGroupNames": false, "question_groups": [{"name": "", "pickingStrategy": "all-ordered", "pickQuestions": 0, "questions": []}]}, {"name": "Integration by partial fractions", "extensions": [], "custom_part_types": [], "resources": [], "navigation": {"allowregen": true, "showfrontpage": false, "preventleave": false, "typeendtoleave": false}, "contributors": [{"name": "Bill Foster", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/6/"}, {"name": "Chris Graham", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/369/"}], "tags": ["2 distinct linear factors", "calculus", "Calculus", "completing the square", "constant of integration", "factorising a quadratic", "factorizing a quadratic", "indefinite integration", "integrals", "integration", "partial fractions", "Steps", "steps", "two distinct linear factors"], "metadata": {"description": "\n \t\t

Factorise $x^2+bx+c$ into 2 distinct linear factors and then find $\\displaystyle \\int \\frac{a}{x^2+bx+c }\\;dx$ using partial fractions or otherwise.

\n \t\t

 

\n \t\t", "licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International"}, "statement": "

Find the following integral.

\n

\\[I = \\simplify[std]{Int({c}/(x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}),x )}\\]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

", "advice": "\n

First we factorise $\\simplify[std]{x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}=(x+{a})*(x+{b})}$.

\n

You can do this by spotting the factors or by completing the square.

\n

Next we use partial fractions to find $A$ and $B$ such that:
\\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]
Multiplying both sides of the equation by $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{1/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}$ we obtain:

\n

$\\simplify[std]{A*(x+{b})+B*(x+{a}) = {c}}\\Rightarrow \\simplify[std]{(A+B)x+{b}A+{a}B={c}}$

\n

Identifying coefficients:

\n

Constant term: $\\simplify[std]{{b}*A+{a}*B = {c}}$

\n

Coefficent $x$: $ \\simplify[std]{A + B = 0}$ which gives $A = -B$.

\n

Hence we obtain $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{A = {c}/{b-a}}$ and $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{B={-c}/{b-a}}$

\n

Which gives: \\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = ({c}/{b-a})*(1/(x+{a}) -1/(x+{b}))}\\]

\n

So \\[\\begin{eqnarray*} I &=& \\simplify[std]{Int({c}/(x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}),x )}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{Int({c}/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({c}/{b-a})*(Int(1/(x+{a}),x) -Int(1/(x+{b}),x))}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({c}/{b-a})*(ln(x+{a})-ln(x+{b}))+C} \\end{eqnarray*}\\]

\n ", "rulesets": {"std": ["all", "!collectNumbers", "fractionNumbers", "!noLeadingMinus"]}, "variables": {"a": {"name": "a", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "s1*random(1..9)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "c": {"name": "c", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(2..9)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "b": {"name": "b", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "if(b1=a,b1+s3,b1)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "s3": {"name": "s3", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(1,-1)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "s2": {"name": "s2", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(1,-1)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "s1": {"name": "s1", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "random(1,-1)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}, "b1": {"name": "b1", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "definition": "s2*random(1..9)", "description": "", "templateType": "anything"}}, "variablesTest": {"condition": "", "maxRuns": 100}, "ungrouped_variables": ["a", "c", "b", "s3", "s2", "s1", "b1"], "variable_groups": [], "functions": {}, "preamble": {"js": "", "css": ""}, "parts": [{"type": "gapfill", "useCustomName": false, "customName": "", "marks": 0, "scripts": {}, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "unitTests": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "showFeedbackIcon": true, "variableReplacements": [], "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "nextParts": [], "suggestGoingBack": false, "adaptiveMarkingPenalty": 0, "exploreObjective": null, "prompt": "\n

$I=\\;$[[0]]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n

Click on Show steps for help if you need it. You will lose 1 mark if you do so.

\n ", "stepsPenalty": 1, "steps": [{"type": "information", "useCustomName": false, "customName": "", "marks": 0, "scripts": {}, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "unitTests": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "showFeedbackIcon": true, "variableReplacements": [], "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "nextParts": [], "suggestGoingBack": false, "adaptiveMarkingPenalty": 0, "exploreObjective": null, "prompt": "

First of all factorise the denominator.

\n

You have to find $a$ and $b$ such that $\\simplify[std]{x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}=(x+a)*(x+b)}$.

\n

Then use partial fractions to write:
\\[\\simplify[std]{{c}/((x +a)*(x+b)) = A/(x+a)+B/(x+b)}\\]

\n

for suitable integers or fractions $A$ and $B$.

"}], "gaps": [{"type": "jme", "useCustomName": false, "customName": "", "marks": 3, "scripts": {}, "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "unitTests": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "showFeedbackIcon": true, "variableReplacements": [], "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "nextParts": [], "suggestGoingBack": false, "adaptiveMarkingPenalty": 0, "exploreObjective": null, "answer": "({c}/{b-a})*(ln(x+{a})-ln(x+{b}))+C", "answerSimplification": "std", "showPreview": true, "checkingType": "absdiff", "checkingAccuracy": 0.0001, "failureRate": 1, "vsetRangePoints": 5, "vsetRange": [11, 12], "checkVariableNames": false, "singleLetterVariables": false, "allowUnknownFunctions": true, "implicitFunctionComposition": false, "notallowed": {"strings": ["."], "showStrings": false, "partialCredit": 0, "message": "

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

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Find the following integral.

\n

\\[I = \\simplify[std]{Int(({c}*x+{d})/(x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}),x )}\\]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

", "advice": "\n

First we factorise $\\simplify[std]{x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}=(x+{a})*(x+{b})}$. You can do this by spotting the factors or by completing the square.
Next we use partial fractions to find $A$ and $B$ such that:
\\[\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = A/(x+{a})+B/(x+{b})}\\]
Multiplying both sides of the equation by $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{1/((x +{a})*(x+{b}))}$ we obtain:

\n

$\\simplify[std]{A*(x+{b})+B*(x+{a}) = {c}*x+{d}} \\Rightarrow \\simplify[std]{(A+B)*x+{b}*A+{a}*B={c}*x+{d}}$

\n

Identifying coefficients:

\n

Constant term: $\\simplify[std]{{b}*A+{a}*B = {d}}$

\n

Coefficent $x$: $ \\simplify[std]{A+B={c}}$ which gives $A =\\var{c} -B$

\n

On solving these equations we obtain $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{A = {d-a*c}/{b-a}}$ and $\\displaystyle \\simplify[std]{B={d-b*c}/{a-b}}$

\n

Which gives: \\[\\simplify[std]{({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b})) = ({d-a*c}/{b-a})*(1/(x+{a}) )+({d-b*c}/{a-b})*(1/(x+{b}))}\\]

\n

So \\[\\begin{eqnarray*} I &=& \\simplify[std]{Int(({c}*x+{d})/(x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}),x )}\\\\ &=&\\simplify[std]{Int(({c}*x+{d})/((x +{a})*(x+{b})),x )}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({d-a*c}/{b-a})*(Int(1/(x+{a}),x)) +({d-b*c}/{a-b})Int(1/(x+{b}),x)}\\\\ &=& \\simplify[std]{({d-a*c}/{b-a})*ln(x+{a})+({d-b*c}/{a-b})*ln(x+{b})+C} \\end{eqnarray*}\\]

\n ", "tags": [], "ungrouped_variables": ["b1", "c", "d1", "s2", "s3", "b", "a", "d", "s1"], "functions": {}, "parts": [{"sortAnswers": false, "variableReplacements": [], "showFeedbackIcon": true, "showCorrectAnswer": true, "marks": 0, "unitTests": [], "extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "steps": [{"extendBaseMarkingAlgorithm": true, "variableReplacements": [], "marks": 0, "prompt": "

First of all factorise the denominator, i.e. find $a$ and $b$ such that 

\n

\\[\\simplify[std]{x^2+{a+b}*x+{a*b}} = (x+a)(x+b) \\]

\n

Then use partial fractions to write 

\n

\\[ \\simplify{({c}x + {d})/((x+a)(x+b))} = \\frac{A}{x+a} + \\frac{B}{x+b}\\]

\n

for suitable integers or fractions A and B. 

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Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

", "showStrings": false}}], "customMarkingAlgorithm": "", "prompt": "

$I=\\;$[[0]]

\n

Input all numbers as fractions or integers and not decimals.

\n

Input the constant of integration as $C$.

\n

Click on Show steps for help if you need it. You will lose 1 mark if you do so.

", "type": "gapfill", "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "scripts": {}}], "variables": {"d1": {"definition": "s3*random(1..9)", "name": "d1", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "c": {"definition": "random(2..9)", "name": "c", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "d": {"definition": "if(d1=a*c,if(d1+1=b*c,d1+2,d1+1),if(d1=b*c,if(d1+1=a*c,d1+2,d1+1),d1))", "name": "d", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "b1": {"definition": "s2*random(1..9)", "name": "b1", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "a": {"definition": "s1*random(1..9)", "name": "a", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "s2": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s2", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "b": {"definition": "if(b1=a,b1+s3,b1)", "name": "b", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "s3": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s3", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}, "s1": {"definition": "random(1,-1)", "name": "s1", "group": "Ungrouped variables", "templateType": "anything", "description": ""}}, "variablesTest": {"maxRuns": 100, "condition": ""}, "variable_groups": [], "metadata": {"licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "description": "

Factorise $x^2+cx+d$ into 2 distinct linear factors and then find $\\displaystyle \\int \\frac{ax+b}{x^2+cx+d}\\;dx,\\;a \\neq 0$ using partial fractions or otherwise.

\n

Video in Show steps.

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4 questions on using partial fractions to solve indefinite integrals.

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