Remember that if you cannot think of anything else, just try plugging in values of $x$ into the equation, and seeing which coordinates you end up with. This always works, but it is usually quicker if you know the standard patterns.
\n\na) See lecture notes and/or panapto video for Lecture 21.2 for the standard shapes of quadratics, cubics, exponentials and $\\ln$ graphs.
\n\nb) See lecture notes and/or panapto video for Lecture 21.2 for examples of $\\ln$ graphs. Alternatively, see Lecture 21.3 for horizontal translations.
\n\nc) See lecture notes and/or panapto video for Lecture 21.2 for variations of $\\frac{1}{x}$ graphs. Alternatively, see Lecture 21.3 for horizontal and vertical translations.
\n\nd) This involves vertical stretching and vertical translations, so see Lecture 21.3.
\n\ne) This involves a mixture of transformations, so see Lecture 21.3.
\n\nAgain, remember that plugging in $x$-value into the equations is always something you should try doing if all else fails.
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