// Numbas version: exam_results_page_options {"name": "Solutions 5", "extensions": [], "custom_part_types": [], "resources": [], "navigation": {"allowregen": true, "showfrontpage": false, "preventleave": false, "typeendtoleave": false}, "question_groups": [{"pickingStrategy": "all-ordered", "questions": [{"functions": {}, "extensions": [], "variables": {"stock_volume_used": {"description": "

The volume of the \"stock\" solution used for dilution in ml.

", "name": "stock_volume_used", "definition": "100", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "Cl": {"description": "

atomic weight of chlorine

", "name": "Cl", "definition": "35.453", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "stock_mass_concentration": {"description": "

The mass concentration of the \"stock\" solution in g/L.

", "name": "stock_mass_concentration", "definition": "stock_mass / stock_volume", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "stock_mass": {"description": "

The mass of the substance (in grams) dissolved in the \"stock\" solution

", "name": "stock_mass", "definition": "50 * random(2..8)\n", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "final_mass_concentration": {"description": "", "name": "final_mass_concentration", "definition": "stock_mass_concentration * stock_volume_used / final_volume", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "NaCl": {"description": "

molecular weight of sodium chloride

", "name": "NaCl", "definition": "Na + Cl", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "Na": {"description": "

atomic weight of sodium

", "name": "Na", "definition": "22.990", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "stock_volume": {"description": "

The volume of liquid in the \"stock\" solution in litres.

", "name": "stock_volume", "definition": "0.5 * random(2..5)", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "stock_molarity": {"description": "

The molarity of the \"stock\" solution

", "name": "stock_molarity", "definition": "stock_mass_concentration / NaCl", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "final_molarity": {"description": "", "name": "final_molarity", "definition": "stock_molarity * stock_volume_used / final_volume", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}, "final_volume": {"description": "

The volume the sample of \"stock\" solution is diluted to in ml.

", "name": "final_volume", "definition": "50 * random(5..10)", "templateType": "anything", "group": "Ungrouped variables"}}, "variablesTest": {"maxRuns": 100, "condition": ""}, "preamble": {"js": "", "css": ""}, "variable_groups": [{"name": "Unnamed group", "variables": []}], "name": "Solutions 5", "statement": "

Answer the following question. Please give your answers as decimals, not as fractions. Give your answers to 3 decimal places but only round your calculations at the final step, use the exact values in your calculator for intermediate steps.

\n

Clicking on 'Show steps' will provide you with some prompts to break down the question into smaller parts.

\n

If you would like to see how to do this question, click on 'Reveal answers' at the bottom of the page.

", "tags": ["diluted", "dilution", "mass concentration", "molarity", "solution"], "ungrouped_variables": ["stock_volume_used", "Cl", "Na", "NaCl", "stock_mass_concentration", "final_mass_concentration", "stock_volume", "stock_molarity", "final_volume", "final_molarity", "stock_mass"], "rulesets": {}, "parts": [{"stepsPenalty": 0, "type": "gapfill", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

A \"stock\" solution contained $\\var{stock_mass}$g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in $\\var{stock_volume}$L of solution. $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of the \"stock\" solution was diluted to $\\var{final_volume}$ml. What is the concentration of the final solution in g/L and M? [Relative atomic masses (Da): Na $\\var{Na}$; Cl $\\var{Cl}$].

\n

[[0]] g/L

\n

[[1]] M

", "variableReplacements": [], "steps": [{"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

1) Our \"stock\" solution contains $\\var{stock_mass}$g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in $\\var{stock_volume}$L of solution. Calculate the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in g/L.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_mass_concentration + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_mass_concentration - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

2) Calculate the molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl)

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "NaCl + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "NaCl - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

3) Calculate how many moles of sodium chloride there are in $\\var{stock_mass}$g.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_mass / NaCl + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_mass / NaCl - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

4) Calculate the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in M (mol/L).

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_molarity + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_molarity - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

5) Calculate what $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml is as a volume in litres.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_volume_used / 1000 + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_volume_used / 1000 - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

6) Calculate how many grams of sodium chloride there are in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of the \"stock\" solution using your answers to parts 1 and 5.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_mass_concentration * stock_volume_used / 1000 + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_mass_concentration * stock_volume_used / 1000 - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

7) Calculate how many moles of sodium chloride there are in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of the \"stock\" solution using your answers to parts 4 and 5.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "stock_molarity * stock_volume_used / 1000 + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "stock_molarity * stock_volume_used / 1000 - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

8) Calculate what $\\var{final_volume}$ml is as a volume in litres.

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "final_volume / 1000 + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "final_volume / 1000 - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

9) Using your answers to parts 6 and 8, calculate the concentration in g/L of the final solution. 

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "final_mass_concentration + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "final_mass_concentration - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "prompt": "

10) 9) Using your answers to parts 7 and 8, calculate the concentration in M of the final solution. 

", "variableReplacements": [], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "final_molarity + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "type": "numberentry", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "final_molarity - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 1}], "showCorrectAnswer": true, "gaps": [{"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "variableReplacements": [], "precisionPartialCredit": 0, "showCorrectAnswer": true, "strictPrecision": false, "marks": 1, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "final_mass_concentration + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "precision": "3", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "final_mass_concentration - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "precisionMessage": "You have not given your answer to the correct precision.", "precisionType": "dp", "scripts": {}, "type": "numberentry", "showPrecisionHint": false}, {"correctAnswerStyle": "plain", "showFeedbackIcon": true, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "variableReplacements": [], "precisionPartialCredit": 0, "showCorrectAnswer": true, "strictPrecision": false, "marks": 1, "mustBeReduced": false, "maxValue": "final_molarity + 0.0005", "allowFractions": false, "precision": "3", "correctAnswerFraction": false, "minValue": "final_molarity - 0.0005", "mustBeReducedPC": 0, "notationStyles": ["plain", "en", "si-en"], "precisionMessage": "You have not given your answer to the correct precision.", "precisionType": "dp", "scripts": {}, "type": "numberentry", "showPrecisionHint": false}], "scripts": {}, "variableReplacementStrategy": "originalfirst", "marks": 0}], "advice": "

We have been asked to do quite a lot of calculations in this example so let's break it up into several smaller parts. To work out the concentrations in g/L and M after dilution, we need to first work out the concentrations in g/L and M of the \"stock\" solution. Let's start by working out the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in g/L.

\n

\n

The \"stock\" solution contains $\\var{stock_mass}$g of sodium chloride dissolved in $\\var{stock_volume}$L of solution. To work out the concentration in g/L we use the formula

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{mass of substance (in grams)}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in g/L)}.$

\n

Putting in our numbers we find that the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in g/L is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\var{stock_mass}}{\\var{stock_volume}} = \\var{stock_mass / stock_volume} \\text{ g/L}.$

\n

\n

Next, we can work out the concentration of the stock solution in M (mol/L). The formula for this is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{number of moles of substance}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in mol/L)}.$

\n

\n

We can see that we need to work out how many moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) there are in $\\var{stock_mass}$g. The formula for this is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{mass of substance (in grams)}}{\\text{molecular weight}} = \\text{number of moles}.$

\n

\n

We can see that to do this, we are going to need to work out the molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl). We have been told the atomic weights of each of the atoms in sodium chloride (NaCl) so we can do this by adding together the atomic weights of all the atoms to get the molecular weight which is

\n

$1 \\times \\var{Na} + 1 \\times \\var{Cl} = \\var{NaCl} \\text{ Da}.$

\n

\n

We can now use this to work out how many moles of sodium chloride there are in $\\var{stock_mass}$g using the formula above. Putting in the numbers we find that there are

\n

$\\dfrac{\\var{stock_mass}}{\\var{NaCl}} = \\var{stock_mass / NaCl} \\text{ moles}$

\n

of sodium chloride in $\\var{stock_mass}$g. We can now work out the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in M (mol/L). The formula is 

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{number of moles of substance}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in mol/L)}.$

\n

We have $\\var{stock_mass}$g of sodium chloride dissolved in $\\var{stock_volume}$L of liquid and we have calculated that there are $\\var{stock_mass / NaCl}$ moles of sodium chloride in $\\var{stock_mass}$g. Putting these numbers into the formula we find that the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in M is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\var{stock_mass / NaCl}}{\\var{stock_volume}} = \\var{stock_molarity} \\text{ M}.$

\n

\n

Let's recap what we have calculated so far. We have worked out that the concentration of the \"stock\" solution in g/L is 

\n

$\\var{stock_mass_concentration} \\text{ g/L}$

\n

and in M is

\n

$\\var{stock_molarity} \\text{ M}.$

\n

\n

Since we are diluting $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of the \"stock\" solution, we need to work out how much sodium chloride there is in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of the solution using the concentrations we have calculated. We need to work this amount out in both grams and moles, let's start with grams. If we rearrange the formula 

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{mass of substance (in grams)}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in g/L)}.$

\n

we find that 

\n

${\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} \\times \\text{concentration (in g/L)} = \\text{mass of substance (in grams)}.$

\n

\n

Now, $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml is equal to 

\n

$\\dfrac{\\var{stock_volume_used}}{1000} = \\var{stock_volume_used / 1000} \\text{ L},$

\n

so in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of \"stock\" solution, there are

\n

$\\var{stock_volume_used / 1000} \\times \\var{stock_mass_concentration} = \\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_mass_concentration} \\text{ g}$

\n

of sodium chloride. Similarly, we can work out the number of moles of sodium chloride using the formula

\n

${\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} \\times \\text{concentration (in mol/L)} = \\text{number of moles of substance}.$

\n

Putting in our numbers, we find that in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of \"stock\" solution, there are

\n

$\\var{stock_volume_used / 1000} \\times \\var{stock_molarity} = \\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_molarity} \\text{ moles}$

\n

of sodium chloride.

\n

\n

Finally, we can work out the concentration of the diluted solution. We know that $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of \"stock\" solution is diluted to $\\var{final_volume}$ml so the final volume of liquid is $\\var{final_volume}$ml. We have worked out that in $\\var{stock_volume_used}$ml of stock solution there are $\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_mass_concentration}$g ($\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_molarity}$ moles) of sodium chloride and we have not added any more sodium chloride so in our diluted solution we have $\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_mass_concentration}$g ($\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_molarity}$ moles) of sodium chloride in $\\var{final_volume}$l of liquid. The formula for the concentration in g/L is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{mass of substance (in grams)}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in g/L)}.$

\n

$\\var{final_volume}$ml is equal to $\\var{final_volume / 1000}$L and so the concentration of the diluted solution in g/L is

\n

$\\begin{align}\\dfrac{\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_mass_concentration}}{\\var{final_volume / 1000}} & = \\var{final_mass_concentration} \\\\ & = \\var{precround(final_mass_concentration, 3)} \\text{ g/L to 3 d.p.}\\end{align}$

\n

The formula for concentration in M (mol/L) is

\n

$\\dfrac{\\text{number of moles of substance}}{\\text{volume of liquid (in litres)}} = \\text{concentration (in mol/L)}$

\n

so the concentration of the diluted solution in M is

\n

$\\begin{align}\\dfrac{\\var{(stock_volume_used / 1000) * stock_molarity}}{\\var{final_volume / 1000}} & = \\var{final_molarity} \\\\ & = \\var{precround(final_molarity, 3)} \\text{ M to 3 d.p.}\\end{align}$

", "metadata": {"licence": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "description": "

Example of a dilution calculation involving mass concentration and molarity calculations.

"}, "type": "question", "contributors": [{"name": "Jamie Antoun", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/266/"}]}]}], "contributors": [{"name": "Jamie Antoun", "profile_url": "https://numbas.mathcentre.ac.uk/accounts/profile/266/"}]}